Activated Carbon in Pressure Swing Adsorption: Efficient Gas Separation and Purification

{"news_id":8476,"is_preview":0,"news_info":{"id":8476,"company_id":176,"user_id":411,"author":"","website_id":781,"pub_date":"2024-01-10 16:21:33","urla":"activated-carbon-in-pressure-swing-adsorption-efficient-gas-separation-and-purification","description":"This article provides a comprehensive overview of the advantages of using activated carbon in Pressure Swing Adsorption technology for gas separation and purification","image_url":"https:\/\/oss.matchpages.cn\/matchpages\/common\/2024\/0110\/3656\/659e4cab41836\/Pressure-Swing-Adsorption-purification-natural-gas--2-.webp","image_alt":"Pressure Swing Adsorption purification natural gas (2).webp","title":"Activated Carbon in Pressure Swing Adsorption: Efficient Gas Separation and Purification","content":"<h1 style=\"line-height: 1.6;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #169179; font-size: 18pt;\">Activated Carbon in Pressure Swing Adsorption: Efficient Gas Separation and Purification<\/span><\/strong><\/h1>\n<h2 style=\"line-height: 1.6;\"><span style=\"color: #181818;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">1.What is Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA)\uff1f<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6;\"><span style=\"color: #181818;\">&nbsp; Pressure Swing Adsorption is a technique used to separate and purify the components of a gas mixture under pressure based on the molecular characteristics of each component of the gas mixture and the affinity for a specific adsorbed material. Specific adsorbed materials preferentially adsorb the target gas under pressure. The pressure is then swung low to desorb the adsorbed material, leaving a purer gas.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6;\"><span style=\"color: #181818;\"><img style=\"float: left;\" src=\"https:\/\/oss.matchpages.cn\/matchpages\/common\/2024\/0110\/1069\/659e44580dd33\/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%875--2-.webp\" alt=\"activated carbon for Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) \" width=\"400\" data-resolution=\"664*471\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h2>&nbsp;<\/h2>\n<h2>&nbsp;<\/h2>\n<h2>&nbsp;<\/h2>\n<h2>&nbsp;<\/h2>\n<h2>&nbsp;<\/h2>\n<h2>&nbsp;<\/h2>\n<h2><strong><span style=\"color: #181818; font-size: 14pt;\">2.Advantages and disadvantages of Pressure Swing Adsorption<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6;\">2.1. Advantages:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"line-height: 1.6;\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #181818; background-color: #bfedd2;\">Compact equipment, low investment cost, easy to operate.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #181818; background-color: #bfedd2;\">Low energy demand, without requiring any heat.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #181818; background-color: #bfedd2;\">Low energy consumption, no water consumption, no pollution of wastewater.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #181818; background-color: #bfedd2;\">Relatively low maintenance cost, and long service life of the adsorbent.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6;\"><span style=\"color: #181818;\">2.2. Disadvantages:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"line-height: 1.6;\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #181818;\">In terms of biogas purification, the adsorbent will capture methane while absorbing other gases in the exhaust gas. The balance of methane remains in the exhaust system along with the desorbed carbon dioxide, which can be further purified by recycling and re-entry into the PSA system.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #181818;\">Before the gas mixture enters the PSA system, water needs to be removed, because water can block the micropores of the adsorbent and reduce the system performance.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #181818;\">High levels of power may be required to achieve the high voltage levels used in the process.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong><span style=\"color: #181818; font-size: 14pt;\">3.The steps of Pressure Swing Adsorption<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"color: #181818;\">3.1<span style=\"color: #2dc26b;\"><strong>Pressurization<\/strong>:<\/span> the raw biogas is pressurized in the vessel to 4-10 bar.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"color: #181818;\">3.2<span style=\"color: #2dc26b;\"><strong>Feed\/Adsorption<\/strong><\/span>: The raw biogas is fed into the tank. When the methane flows through the tower, the target compound begins to be attracted to the solid adsorption surface. When the adsorption bed is saturated, the feed is closed and the blowdown phase is initiated.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6; padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"color: #181818;\">3.3 <strong><span style=\"color: #2dc26b;\">Blowdown<\/span><\/strong>: Once the adsorption bed is saturated, the upgraded methane passes through and the feed is closed. The pressure in the container is greatly reduced to desorbe carbon dioxide from the adsorbent and pump the carbon dioxide-rich gas out of the container.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6; padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"color: #181818;\">3.4<strong><span style=\"color: #2dc26b;\"> Purge<\/span><\/strong>: At the lowest column pressure, the purge is initiated.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6;\"><span style=\"color: #181818;\">Since this cycle contains four phases, it is common for PSA units to have four columns. The PSA cycles usually lasts between 2-10 minutes long. Typically, multiple containers are used in parallel to improve energy efficiency and smooth gas production.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6;\"><span style=\"color: #181818;\"><img style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" src=\"https:\/\/oss.matchpages.cn\/matchpages\/common\/2024\/0110\/8002\/659e44583aeb9\/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%876--2-.webp\" alt=\"PSA process diagram \" width=\"600\" data-resolution=\"748*394\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><strong><span style=\"color: #181818; font-size: 14pt;\">4.Pressure Swing Adsorption to purify hydrogen<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6;\"><span style=\"color: #181818;\">&nbsp;At present, we are facing a series of global challenges, such as the increasing depletion of fossil fuels, environmental pollution and global warming. Replacing coal, oil and natural gas with secondary energy sources is the key to achieving sustainable development. Hydrogen (H<sub>2<\/sub>) energy is the most potential secondary energy source. <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6;\"><span style=\"color: #181818;\">Compared with traditional fossil fuels, hydrogen is recognized as the most important energy carrier for its advantages of wide sources, clean, low carbon emissions, flexibility and high efficiency. Hydrogen is expected to account for 90 percent of energy consumption by 2080. Currently, most hydrogen is produced by natural gas and steam methane reforming (SMR). However, the SMR process releases a gas mixture containing H<sub>2<\/sub>, CH<sub>4<\/sub>, CO<sub>2<\/sub>, N<sub>2<\/sub>, and CO.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6;\"><span style=\"color: #181818;\"> <img style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" src=\"https:\/\/oss.matchpages.cn\/matchpages\/common\/2024\/0110\/2576\/659e445801935\/Flow-scheme-of-the-classical-pressure-swing-adsorption--PSA--system.webp\" alt=\"Flow scheme of the classical pressure swing adsorption (PSA) system \" width=\"400\" data-resolution=\"696*501\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6;\"><span style=\"color: #181818;\">H<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;varies significantly from the static capacity of most gas molecules like CO<sub>2<\/sub>, CO, CH<sub>4<\/sub>, and thus is therefore very suitable for the isolation and purification of PSA. <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6;\"><span style=\"color: #181818;\">At present, the pressure change adsorption (PSA) hydrogen production technology is relatively mature, and has been used by more than 85% of the world's hydrogen production companies. World-renowned air products companies, liquid air companies and other companies have established a very successful H2 industrial applications.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6;\"><span style=\"color: #181818;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6;\"><span style=\"color: #181818;\">The sorents used for hydrogen PSA devices include activated carbon, zeolite molecular sieve, alumina and silica gel.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"line-height: 1.6;\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #181818;\">Activated carbon: the most commonly used adsorbent, low cost, high surface area, wide availability. Adsorb affinity hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, water, VOCs, halides and siloxanes.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6; padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"color: #181818;\">ACC <a href=\"activated-carbon-for-oil-and-gas\" data-page_id=\"19560\" data-page_name=\"Activated Carbon for Oil and Gas\uff5cACC\" data-page_type=\"menuPage\"><strong><span style=\"color: #2dc26b;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Activated Carbon for Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) <\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/a>have been proved to be the ideal adsorbent for this application, with a very high surface area and developed pore structure, especially the microporous volume, which can ensure a high adsorption capacity, selective adsorption and desorption capacity under different pressures, and strong high-speed adsorption capacity.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6; padding-left: 80px;\"><span style=\"color: #181818;\"><a data-page_id=\"19560\" data-page_name=\"Activated Carbon for Oil and Gas\uff5cACC\" data-page_type=\"menuPage\"><img src=\"https:\/\/oss.matchpages.cn\/matchpages\/common\/2024\/0110\/4624\/659e44581e787\/ACC-Activated-Carbon-for-Pressure-Swing-Adsorption--PSA-.webp\" alt=\"ACC Activated Carbon for Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA)\" width=\"700\" data-resolution=\"1175*320\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"line-height: 1.6;\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #181818;\">Zeolite: One of the most commonly used adsorbents in PSA is a natural silicate or synthetic silicate with a uniform pore size and size. It is most effective against polar compounds such as H<sub>2<\/sub>S, SO<sub>2<\/sub>, NH<sub>3<\/sub>, carbonyl sulfide, mercaptans, etc.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #181818;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.allcarbon.com.cn\/silica-gel\" data-page_id=\"0\" data-page_name=\"\" data-page_type=\"\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #2dc26b; text-decoration: underline;\">Silica Gel<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/a> and Aluminum Oxide: Siloxanes can be removed by trapped water in the crystal structure. It can be regenerated through high temperature and high pressure.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6;\"><span style=\"color: #181818;\">ACC has an annual production line of 80,000 tons of silica gel. It&rsquo;s exported to Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Hong Kong, the United States and other global more than 50 countries and regions. Our PSA adsorbed silica gel has rapid adsorption desorption, non-toxic and chemically stable.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h2><strong><span style=\"color: #181818; font-size: 14pt;\">5.Pressure Swing Adsorption purification biogas\/natural gas<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6;\"><span style=\"color: #181818;\"><a href=\"activated-carbon-for-rng-and-biogas\" data-page_id=\"19572\" data-page_name=\"Activated Carbon for RNG\/Biogas\uff5cACC\" data-page_type=\"menuPage\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"color: #2dc26b; text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>&nbsp; Biogas<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/a> is a clean fuel that can reduce emissions and provide other environmental benefits. Biogas can be recycled and utilized as a renewable energy source. After the purification and purification of biogas, renewable natural gas (RNG) can replace fossil natural gas, which can be applied to cogeneration, natural gas grid connection, vehicle fuel and chemical raw materials.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6; text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #181818;\"><img style=\"float: right;\" src=\"https:\/\/oss.matchpages.cn\/matchpages\/common\/2024\/0110\/1470\/659e445801e89\/Pressure-Swing-Adsorption-purification-biogas.webp\" alt=\"Pressure Swing Adsorption purification biogas \" width=\"400\" data-resolution=\"612*408\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6;\"><span style=\"color: #181818;\">&nbsp;There are four main sources of biogas used for the production of renewable natural gas (RNG): municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills, anaerobic digestion &nbsp;(AD) at municipal water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs), AD at livestock farms and AD at stand-alone organic waste management operations. <\/span><span style=\"color: #181818;\">&nbsp; <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6;\"><span style=\"color: #181818;\">&nbsp;Depending on the source of the biogas, the CH<sub>4<\/sub>&nbsp;content of raw biogas is typically between 45% and 65%, and a series of steps must be taken to be converted to renewable natural gas. Treatments include removal of water, carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2<\/sub>) and trace amounts of contaminants (including siloxanes, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2<\/sub>S), and reduction of nitrogen (N<sub>2<\/sub>) and oxygen (O<sub>2<\/sub>) content.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6;\"><span style=\"color: #181818;\">&nbsp; &nbsp;In general, high surface area activated carbon is the main adsorbent of biogas pressure swing adsorption, which can better achieve the adsorption of carbon dioxide and nitrogen.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6;\"><span style=\"color: #181818;\">&nbsp;In the PSA system, the adsorbent is pressurized together with the incoming biogas. Due to the different molecular size, CH<sub>4<\/sub>&nbsp;can enter the product gas, while the adsorbent can capture CO<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;and to a lesser extent N<sub>2<\/sub>. Once the adsorbent is saturated, they decompress and CO<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;and N<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;are released into the tail stream. The tail gas can be incinerated with flare (if the methane content is high enough) and can be catalyzed in special containers to prevent methane leakage. Another option is to combine the emitted gas with the original biogas to burn, generate heat for local use.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6;\"><span style=\"color: #181818;\">&nbsp; &nbsp;Typical PSA systems employ multiple containers operating in different stages of pressurization, depressurization, and regeneration. PSA can capture 95% to 98% of CH<sub>4<\/sub>, the exact percentage will vary according to the PSA design, the PSA design is optimized to balance system performance and system economy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6;\"><span style=\"color: #181818;\">&nbsp; &nbsp;Adsorbent are usually activated carbons because of their large surface area. As an attractive adsorption material, activated carbon has two main criteria: one is a high selectivity for CO<sub>2<\/sub>, and the affinity of activated carbon for carbon dioxide is higher than that for methane. The second is a microporous material where carbon dioxide can penetrate their structures, while larger CH<sub>4<\/sub>&nbsp;molecules have size limitations to diffuse through them.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6;\"><img style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" src=\"https:\/\/oss.matchpages.cn\/matchpages\/common\/2024\/0110\/5344\/659e4458093f0\/Activated-Carbon-for-Pressure-Swing-Adsorption--PSA-.webp\" alt=\"Activated Carbon for Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) \" width=\"450\" data-resolution=\"600*400\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6;\"><span style=\"color: #181818;\">&nbsp; &nbsp; In conclusion, the use of activated carbon in Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) technology contributes significantly to a clean, healthy, and sustainable energy future. Activated carbon's unique properties, such as its high surface area and adsorption capacity, enable efficient gas separation and purification, reducing emissions and promoting environmental well-being.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6;\"><span style=\"color: #181818;\">&nbsp; &nbsp;As the world transitions to a low-carbon economy, activated carbon in PSA technology will play a crucial role in addressing environmental challenges. ACC's expertise and commitment ensure a cleaner, healthier, and more sustainable energy future for generations to come.<\/span><\/p>","discuss":0,"seo_title":"Activated Carbon in Pressure Swing Adsorption: Efficient Gas Separation and Purification","seo_keyword":"Activated Carbon,Pressure Swing Adsorption,psa,Gas Purification","seo_describe":"ACC activated carbon, providing high-quality solutions for industrial gas processing and promoting the development of renewable energy.","track_code":"","viewer":"","source_copy_id":0,"sort":54,"status":0,"data_time":"2024-01-10 16:21:33","create_time":"2024-01-10 14:51:19","update_time":"2025-04-02 09:56:43","type_items":[{"id":2083,"website_id":781,"name":"Activated Carbon","urla":""}],"tag_items":[]}}

<h1 style="line-height: 1.6;"><strong><span style="color: #169179; font-size: 18pt;">Activated Carbon in Pressure Swing Adsorption: Efficient Gas Separation and Purification</span></strong></h1>
<h2 style="line-height: 1.6;"><span style="color: #181818;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14pt;">1.What is Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA)？</span></strong></span></h2>
<p style="line-height: 1.6;"><span style="color: #181818;">  Pressure Swing Adsorption is a technique used to separate and purify the components of a gas mixture under pressure based on the molecular characteristics of each component of the gas mixture and the affinity for a specific adsorbed material. Specific adsorbed materials preferentially adsorb the target gas under pressure. The pressure is then swung low to desorb the adsorbed material, leaving a purer gas.</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.6;"><span style="color: #181818;"><img style="float: left;" src="https://oss.matchpages.cn/matchpages/common/2024/0110/1069/659e44580dd33/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%875--2-.webp" alt="activated carbon for Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) " width="400" data-resolution="664*471" /></span></p>
<h2> </h2>
<h2> </h2>
<h2> </h2>
<h2> </h2>
<h2> </h2>
<h2> </h2>
<h2><strong><span style="color: #181818; font-size: 14pt;">2.Advantages and disadvantages of Pressure Swing Adsorption</span></strong></h2>
<p style="line-height: 1.6;">2.1. Advantages:</p>
<ul style="line-height: 1.6;">
<li><span style="color: #181818; background-color: #bfedd2;">Compact equipment, low investment cost, easy to operate.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #181818; background-color: #bfedd2;">Low energy demand, without requiring any heat.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #181818; background-color: #bfedd2;">Low energy consumption, no water consumption, no pollution of wastewater.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #181818; background-color: #bfedd2;">Relatively low maintenance cost, and long service life of the adsorbent.</span></li>
</ul>
<p style="line-height: 1.6;"><span style="color: #181818;">2.2. Disadvantages:</span></p>
<ul style="line-height: 1.6;">
<li><span style="color: #181818;">In terms of biogas purification, the adsorbent will capture methane while absorbing other gases in the exhaust gas. The balance of methane remains in the exhaust system along with the desorbed carbon dioxide, which can be further purified by recycling and re-entry into the PSA system.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #181818;">Before the gas mixture enters the PSA system, water needs to be removed, because water can block the micropores of the adsorbent and reduce the system performance.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #181818;">High levels of power may be required to achieve the high voltage levels used in the process.</span></li>
</ul>
<h2><strong><span style="color: #181818; font-size: 14pt;">3.The steps of Pressure Swing Adsorption</span></strong></h2>
<p style="padding-left: 40px;"><span style="color: #181818;">3.1<span style="color: #2dc26b;"><strong>Pressurization</strong>:</span> the raw biogas is pressurized in the vessel to 4-10 bar.</span></p>
<p style="padding-left: 40px;"><span style="color: #181818;">3.2<span style="color: #2dc26b;"><strong>Feed/Adsorption</strong></span>: The raw biogas is fed into the tank. When the methane flows through the tower, the target compound begins to be attracted to the solid adsorption surface. When the adsorption bed is saturated, the feed is closed and the blowdown phase is initiated.</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.6; padding-left: 40px;"><span style="color: #181818;">3.3 <strong><span style="color: #2dc26b;">Blowdown</span></strong>: Once the adsorption bed is saturated, the upgraded methane passes through and the feed is closed. The pressure in the container is greatly reduced to desorbe carbon dioxide from the adsorbent and pump the carbon dioxide-rich gas out of the container.</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.6; padding-left: 40px;"><span style="color: #181818;">3.4<strong><span style="color: #2dc26b;"> Purge</span></strong>: At the lowest column pressure, the purge is initiated.</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.6;"><span style="color: #181818;">Since this cycle contains four phases, it is common for PSA units to have four columns. The PSA cycles usually lasts between 2-10 minutes long. Typically, multiple containers are used in parallel to improve energy efficiency and smooth gas production.</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.6;"><span style="color: #181818;"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="https://oss.matchpages.cn/matchpages/common/2024/0110/8002/659e44583aeb9/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%876--2-.webp" alt="PSA process diagram " width="600" data-resolution="748*394" /></span></p>
<h2><strong><span style="color: #181818; font-size: 14pt;">4.Pressure Swing Adsorption to purify hydrogen</span></strong></h2>
<p style="line-height: 1.6;"><span style="color: #181818;"> At present, we are facing a series of global challenges, such as the increasing depletion of fossil fuels, environmental pollution and global warming. Replacing coal, oil and natural gas with secondary energy sources is the key to achieving sustainable development. Hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>) energy is the most potential secondary energy source. </span></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.6;"><span style="color: #181818;">Compared with traditional fossil fuels, hydrogen is recognized as the most important energy carrier for its advantages of wide sources, clean, low carbon emissions, flexibility and high efficiency. Hydrogen is expected to account for 90 percent of energy consumption by 2080. Currently, most hydrogen is produced by natural gas and steam methane reforming (SMR). However, the SMR process releases a gas mixture containing H<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>, and CO.</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.6;"><span style="color: #181818;"> <img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="https://oss.matchpages.cn/matchpages/common/2024/0110/2576/659e445801935/Flow-scheme-of-the-classical-pressure-swing-adsorption--PSA--system.webp" alt="Flow scheme of the classical pressure swing adsorption (PSA) system " width="400" data-resolution="696*501" /></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.6;"> </p>
<p style="line-height: 1.6;"><span style="color: #181818;">H<sub>2</sub> varies significantly from the static capacity of most gas molecules like CO<sub>2</sub>, CO, CH<sub>4</sub>, and thus is therefore very suitable for the isolation and purification of PSA. </span></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.6;"><span style="color: #181818;">At present, the pressure change adsorption (PSA) hydrogen production technology is relatively mature, and has been used by more than 85% of the world's hydrogen production companies. World-renowned air products companies, liquid air companies and other companies have established a very successful H2 industrial applications.</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.6;"><span style="color: #181818;"> </span></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.6;"><span style="color: #181818;">The sorents used for hydrogen PSA devices include activated carbon, zeolite molecular sieve, alumina and silica gel.</span></p>
<ul style="line-height: 1.6;">
<li><span style="color: #181818;">Activated carbon: the most commonly used adsorbent, low cost, high surface area, wide availability. Adsorb affinity hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, water, VOCs, halides and siloxanes.</span></li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p style="line-height: 1.6; padding-left: 40px;"><span style="color: #181818;">ACC <a href="activated-carbon-for-oil-and-gas" data-page_id="19560" data-page_name="Activated Carbon for Oil and Gas｜ACC" data-page_type="menuPage"><strong><span style="color: #2dc26b;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Activated Carbon for Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) </span></span></strong></a>have been proved to be the ideal adsorbent for this application, with a very high surface area and developed pore structure, especially the microporous volume, which can ensure a high adsorption capacity, selective adsorption and desorption capacity under different pressures, and strong high-speed adsorption capacity.</span></p>
</blockquote>
<p style="line-height: 1.6; padding-left: 80px;"><span style="color: #181818;"><a data-page_id="19560" data-page_name="Activated Carbon for Oil and Gas｜ACC" data-page_type="menuPage"><img src="https://oss.matchpages.cn/matchpages/common/2024/0110/4624/659e44581e787/ACC-Activated-Carbon-for-Pressure-Swing-Adsorption--PSA-.webp" alt="ACC Activated Carbon for Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA)" width="700" data-resolution="1175*320" /></a></span></p>
<ul style="line-height: 1.6;">
<li><span style="color: #181818;">Zeolite: One of the most commonly used adsorbents in PSA is a natural silicate or synthetic silicate with a uniform pore size and size. It is most effective against polar compounds such as H<sub>2</sub>S, SO<sub>2</sub>, NH<sub>3</sub>, carbonyl sulfide, mercaptans, etc.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #181818;"><a href="https://www.allcarbon.com.cn/silica-gel" data-page_id="0" data-page_name="" data-page_type=""><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><span style="color: #2dc26b; text-decoration: underline;">Silica Gel</span></strong></span></a> and Aluminum Oxide: Siloxanes can be removed by trapped water in the crystal structure. It can be regenerated through high temperature and high pressure.</span></li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p style="line-height: 1.6;"><span style="color: #181818;">ACC has an annual production line of 80,000 tons of silica gel. It’s exported to Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Hong Kong, the United States and other global more than 50 countries and regions. Our PSA adsorbed silica gel has rapid adsorption desorption, non-toxic and chemically stable.</span></p>
</blockquote>
<h2><strong><span style="color: #181818; font-size: 14pt;">5.Pressure Swing Adsorption purification biogas/natural gas</span></strong></h2>
<p style="line-height: 1.6;"><span style="color: #181818;"><a href="activated-carbon-for-rng-and-biogas" data-page_id="19572" data-page_name="Activated Carbon for RNG/Biogas｜ACC" data-page_type="menuPage"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: #2dc26b; text-decoration: underline;"><strong>  Biogas</strong></span></span></a> is a clean fuel that can reduce emissions and provide other environmental benefits. Biogas can be recycled and utilized as a renewable energy source. After the purification and purification of biogas, renewable natural gas (RNG) can replace fossil natural gas, which can be applied to cogeneration, natural gas grid connection, vehicle fuel and chemical raw materials.</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.6; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #181818;"><img style="float: right;" src="https://oss.matchpages.cn/matchpages/common/2024/0110/1470/659e445801e89/Pressure-Swing-Adsorption-purification-biogas.webp" alt="Pressure Swing Adsorption purification biogas " width="400" data-resolution="612*408" /></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.6;"><span style="color: #181818;"> There are four main sources of biogas used for the production of renewable natural gas (RNG): municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills, anaerobic digestion  (AD) at municipal water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs), AD at livestock farms and AD at stand-alone organic waste management operations. </span><span style="color: #181818;">  </span></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.6;"><span style="color: #181818;"> Depending on the source of the biogas, the CH<sub>4</sub> content of raw biogas is typically between 45% and 65%, and a series of steps must be taken to be converted to renewable natural gas. Treatments include removal of water, carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) and trace amounts of contaminants (including siloxanes, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S), and reduction of nitrogen (N<sub>2</sub>) and oxygen (O<sub>2</sub>) content.</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.6;"><span style="color: #181818;">   In general, high surface area activated carbon is the main adsorbent of biogas pressure swing adsorption, which can better achieve the adsorption of carbon dioxide and nitrogen.</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.6;"><span style="color: #181818;"> In the PSA system, the adsorbent is pressurized together with the incoming biogas. Due to the different molecular size, CH<sub>4</sub> can enter the product gas, while the adsorbent can capture CO<sub>2</sub> and to a lesser extent N<sub>2</sub>. Once the adsorbent is saturated, they decompress and CO<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub> are released into the tail stream. The tail gas can be incinerated with flare (if the methane content is high enough) and can be catalyzed in special containers to prevent methane leakage. Another option is to combine the emitted gas with the original biogas to burn, generate heat for local use.</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.6;"><span style="color: #181818;">   Typical PSA systems employ multiple containers operating in different stages of pressurization, depressurization, and regeneration. PSA can capture 95% to 98% of CH<sub>4</sub>, the exact percentage will vary according to the PSA design, the PSA design is optimized to balance system performance and system economy.</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.6;"><span style="color: #181818;">   Adsorbent are usually activated carbons because of their large surface area. As an attractive adsorption material, activated carbon has two main criteria: one is a high selectivity for CO<sub>2</sub>, and the affinity of activated carbon for carbon dioxide is higher than that for methane. The second is a microporous material where carbon dioxide can penetrate their structures, while larger CH<sub>4</sub> molecules have size limitations to diffuse through them.</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.6;"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="https://oss.matchpages.cn/matchpages/common/2024/0110/5344/659e4458093f0/Activated-Carbon-for-Pressure-Swing-Adsorption--PSA-.webp" alt="Activated Carbon for Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) " width="450" data-resolution="600*400" /></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.6;"><span style="color: #181818;">    In conclusion, the use of activated carbon in Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) technology contributes significantly to a clean, healthy, and sustainable energy future. Activated carbon's unique properties, such as its high surface area and adsorption capacity, enable efficient gas separation and purification, reducing emissions and promoting environmental well-being.</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.6;"><span style="color: #181818;">   As the world transitions to a low-carbon economy, activated carbon in PSA technology will play a crucial role in addressing environmental challenges. ACC's expertise and commitment ensure a cleaner, healthier, and more sustainable energy future for generations to come.</span></p>