Applications of Bamboo Based Activated Carbon

{"news_id":8798,"is_preview":0,"news_info":{"id":8798,"company_id":176,"user_id":411,"author":"","website_id":781,"pub_date":"2024-04-17 10:17:42","urla":"applications-of-bamboo-based-activated-carbon","description":"Bamboo based\u00a0activated carbon is the raw material bamboo after high temperature carbonization, continue to be placed in the activation furnace for high temperature catalysis or chemical catalysis (activation).","image_url":"https:\/\/oss.matchpages.cn\/matchpages\/common\/2024\/0417\/8829\/661f30826e8aa\/Bamboo-Based-Activated-Carbon---1-.webp","image_alt":"Bamboo-Based-Activated-Carbon - 1-.webp","title":"Applications\u00a0of Bamboo Based Activated Carbon","content":"<h1 style=\"line-height: 1.6;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>The Outstanding Application<\/strong><strong>s<\/strong><strong>&nbsp;of Bamboo <\/strong><strong>Based <\/strong><strong>Activated Carbon <\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6;\"><span style=\"color: #3a3a3a;\">Bamboo based&nbsp;activated carbon is the raw material bamboo after high temperature carbonization, continue to be placed in the activation furnace for high temperature catalysis or chemical catalysis (activation), and then pickling (or washing), drying made.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #3a3a3a;\">The product has developed pore structure, large specific surface area, high wear resistance, fast adsorption speed, large adsorption capacity, easy desorption, and can be recycled repeatedly.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #3a3a3a;\">It can be used in home textile supplies, automotive supplies, crafts, decoration materials, bamboo&nbsp;based activated carbon&nbsp;pottery, bamboo based food and other aspects.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6;\"><img src=\"https:\/\/oss.matchpages.cn\/matchpages\/common\/2023\/1208\/8641\/6572bf2c01cb9\/Bamboo-Based-Activated-Carbon---1---1-.webp\" alt=\"Bamboo-Based-Activated-Carbon \" data-resolution=\"347*219\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6;\"><span style=\"color: #3a3a3a;\">In addition, pls kindly check below three outstanding applications of bamboo activated carbon.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"line-height: 1.75;\"><span style=\"color: #169179;\"><strong>Bamboo <\/strong><strong>based <\/strong><strong>activated c<\/strong><strong>arbon <\/strong><strong>excellent for removing hangover substances<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6;\"><span style=\"color: #555555;\">Korean professor Seung-guk Park and Dae-ok Kim of the Department of Food and Biotechnology at Kyung Hee University revealed that bamboo activated carbon has the best effect in removing volatile compounds through a paper titled 'Volatile compound adsorption characteristics of various types of activated carbon using alcohol model solutions' published in the August issue of the Journal of the Korean Society of Industrial and Food Engineering. .<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6;\"><span style=\"color: #3a3a3a;\">Volatile compounds are substances produced by yeast during the alcohol fermentation process or generated during the manufacturing process of alcoholic beverages, and are known to cause hangovers and off-odors. Volatile compounds can be purified through the strong adsorption power of activated carbon, and the adsorption, deodorization, and stagnation abilities of activated carbon are widely used in everyday life, such as in the purification process of <a href=\"activated-carbon-for-chloramine-removal\" data-page_id=\"19574\" data-page_name=\"Activated Carbon for Chloramine Removal\uff5cACC\" data-page_type=\"menuPage\"><strong><span style=\"color: #2dc26b;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">water purification<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/a> plants and <a href=\"activated-carbon-for-rng-and-biogas\" data-page_id=\"19572\" data-page_name=\"Activated Carbon for RNG\/Biogas\uff5cACC\" data-page_type=\"menuPage\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"color: #2dc26b; text-decoration: underline;\">removal of air pollutants<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6;\"><span style=\"color: #3a3a3a;\">In their paper, Professors Seung-guk Park and Dae-ok Kim noted that although activated carbon is widely used in the purification of volatile compounds, there has been no systematic study on the removal effect according to the type of activated carbon. In this study, the removal efficiency of 10 types of activated carbon was compared. He said he had analyzed it.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6;\"><span style=\"color: #3a3a3a;\">This study was conducted by dissolving 6 representative volatile compounds that cause hangovers and off-odors in an alcohol solution, adding 10 types of activated carbon, and measuring the removal efficiency of each activated carbon.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6;\"><span style=\"color: #3a3a3a;\"><strong>According to the research results, bamboo activated carbon was found to have the highest removal efficiency among 10 types of activated carbon. Bamboo activated carbon contains 100% of ethyl octanoate, a sweet flavoring agent, and 46.7% of 2-phenyl ethanol, the main component of fusel oil, which causes off-flavors in alcoholic beverages. Hexanal, a chemical analog of acetaldehyde, was found to have a very high removal rate of 46.6%.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6;\"><span style=\"color: #3a3a3a;\"><strong>Regarding this, Professors Park Seung-guk and Kim Dae-ok evaluated that bamboo activated carbon has a relatively well-developed pore volume and a large surface area (1,329 m2\/g), so it has a higher adsorption efficiency than other activated carbons and is excellent at removing volatile compounds.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"line-height: 1.75;\"><span style=\"color: #169179;\"><strong>Bamboo activated carbon has remarkable adsorption and desorption effects on the pesticide Simazine<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6;\"><span style=\"color: #3a3a3a;\">The so-called residual pesticides refer to pesticides remaining on harvested crops, as well as pesticides remaining in dairy products and livestock meat after eating pesticides attached to livestock feed. Ingestion of pesticide residues can be hazardous to health, so pesticide registration requires strict safety review. Simazine (6-chloro-N2,N4-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) is widely used as a chlorotriazine herbicide, but it has poor solubility, slow decomposition, and relatively high toxicity. big. The reason is that it is a typical herbicidal pesticide used in fields rather than rice fields, and has problems as a residual pesticide in many cases, so finding ways to effectively remove Simazine is important for environmental governance.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6;\"><span style=\"color: #555555;\">Japanese scholar Yasuo Kojima of the Department of Agriculture at Niigata University and others studied the adsorption and desorption effects of bamboo activated carbon and ordinary bamboo charcoal on the pesticide Simazine. In previous studies, it can be found that since ordinary bamboo charcoal mainly uses physical adsorption (van der Waals force), there is a balance between the degree of pollution and the adsorption capacity of bamboo charcoal. <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6;\"><span style=\"color: #3a3a3a;\">However, since bamboo charcoal has greater chemical adsorption (ionic bonds rather than chemical bonds), which is another adsorption factor of bamboo charcoal, even if the degree of contamination of the water changes to a lower level, the pollutants will not diffuse to the outside and remain adsorbed on bamboo charcoal. In summary, when considering the purpose of environmental purification, if the degree of pollution purification is low, then the adsorption power of bamboo charcoal is sufficient. However, when high levels of purification are targeted, desorption phenomena become an important factor.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6;\"><span style=\"color: #3a3a3a;\">Another experimental result shows that after steam activation, the specific surface area of \u200b\u200bbamboo charcoal is greatly increased, and the iodine value is as high as 1476.3 mg\/g. The iodine value of unactivated bamboo charcoal is only 188.8 mg\/g. Bamboo activated carbon can completely adsorb 0.5mg, 1.0mg, 3mg and 5mg of Simazine contained in water, and the adsorption speed is also higher than that of activated carbon on the market. The adsorption capacity of bamboo charcoal is far lower than the adsorption rate of bamboo activated carbon, only one-fifth of it.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6;\"><span style=\"color: #3a3a3a;\">In the following experiments, by observing the desorption rates of bamboo charcoal and bamboo activated carbon after adsorption was completed, no desorption of Simazine was observed on bamboo activated carbon even after 2 weeks of desorption treatment, while about 30% of the adsorption of bamboo charcoal was small. Particles desorb within a week, and nearly 50% desorb within two weeks. These results show that bamboo activated carbon prepared from bamboo charcoal has a greater Simazine adsorption effect and can maintain its effect stably for a long time without desorption.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"line-height: 1.75;\"><span style=\"color: #169179;\"><strong>Bamboo mesoporous activated carbon has outstanding adsorption, separation and storage effects on methane<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6;\"><span style=\"color: #3a3a3a;\">Methane is an important industrial raw material gas and one of the greenhouse gases that contributes to global warming. And because the global oil supply is facing huge pressure, methane, as the main component of natural gas, has the characteristics of abundant reserves and clean combustion. Therefore, the separation and recovery of methane from gas mixtures such as CH4\/CO2, CH4\/N2\u3001&nbsp;CH\/O2, and CH4&nbsp;air have important industrial and environmental significance. The adsorption law is the basic method of <a href=\"activated-carbon-for-oil-and-gas\" data-page_id=\"19560\" data-page_name=\"Activated Carbon for Oil and Gas\uff5cACC\" data-page_type=\"menuPage\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #2dc26b;\"><strong>gas separation and purification<\/strong><\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6;\"><span style=\"color: #3a3a3a;\">At present, adsorbents with good selective adsorption properties for methane, such as mesoporous silica and carbon molecular sieves, have been developed, but their high cost limits their practical application and promotion. Activated carbon is widely used as an adsorbent because of its well-developed pores and low cost. The development of activated carbon with excellent adsorption performance and high selectivity for methane is of great practical significance. At present, the reserve of coconut shell activated carbon wet storage methane is as high as 19.84mmol\/g, but the required pressure is 9.26MPa. Developing cheap new activated carbon and reducing storage pressure will help enhance the safety of methane storage and transportation and reduce storage and transportation costs.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6;\"><span style=\"color: #3a3a3a;\"><span style=\"color: #555555;\">Wang Yuxin and others from the Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, used moso bamboo waste and used phosphoric acid activation method to prepare bamboo mesoporous activated carbon. They tested the adsorption and separation performance of dry bamboo based activated carbon and wet&nbsp;bamboo based activated carbon after pre-adsorbing water for gas mixtures such as CH4\/CO2 and CH4\/N2. and the storage performance of wet carbon for methane gas.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6;\"><span style=\"color: #3a3a3a;\">It is known from the experimental results that within the experimental pressure range, the adsorption properties of dry bamboo based activated carbon for CH4, CO2 and N2 vary greatly, and the adsorption amounts of oxygen and nitrogen are basically the same. Dried bamboo-based carbon has a higher specific surface area and has a stronger adsorption capacity for methane than mesoporous silica molecular sieves. For example, at 2.0MPa, the adsorption capacity of methane on activated carbon is 4.1mmol\/g, which is much higher than the adsorption capacity of methane on mesoporous silicon molecular sieves (approximately 1.6mmol\/g) at the same temperature and pressure. The corresponding reserves on carbon molecular sieves are similar (about 4.0 mmol\/g). In further experiments, dry bamboo based activated carbon also has good adsorption selectivity for methane gas, and the effect is better than expensive mesoporous silicon and carbon molecular sieves.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6;\"><span style=\"color: #3a3a3a;\">After dry bamboo based activated carbon becomes wet bamboo based activated carbon after experimental treatment, the methane reserves of pre-adsorbed water activated carbon increase sharply due to the formation of methane hydrate. Under the condition of water-to-char ratio of 2.43.275K and pressure of 3.49MPa, the wet bamboo based activated carbon methane reserve is 10.58mmol\/g, which is 1.72 times the methane reserve of dry bamboo carbon under the same temperature and pressure conditions, and is much larger than other pre-adsorbed water Methane storage of activated carbon under the same temperature and pressure conditions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.6;\">&nbsp;<\/p>","discuss":0,"seo_title":"Applications\u00a0of Bamboo Based Activated Carbon","seo_keyword":"adsorption,Applications\u00a0of Bamboo Based Activated Carbon,Methane storage,Pesticide adsorption,Simazine removal","seo_describe":"Explore the exceptional uses of bamboo based activated carbon in removing hangover substances, pesticides like simazine, and its efficient adsorption and storage of methane.","track_code":"","viewer":"","source_copy_id":0,"sort":35,"status":0,"data_time":"2024-04-17 10:17:42","create_time":"2024-04-17 10:03:12","update_time":"2025-04-02 09:56:43","type_items":[{"id":2083,"website_id":781,"name":"Activated Carbon","urla":""}],"tag_items":[]}}

<h1 style="line-height: 1.6;"><span style="color: #000000;"><strong>The Outstanding Application</strong><strong>s</strong><strong> of Bamboo </strong><strong>Based </strong><strong>Activated Carbon </strong></span></h1>
<p style="line-height: 1.6;"><span style="color: #3a3a3a;">Bamboo based activated carbon is the raw material bamboo after high temperature carbonization, continue to be placed in the activation furnace for high temperature catalysis or chemical catalysis (activation), and then pickling (or washing), drying made.</span><br /><span style="color: #3a3a3a;">The product has developed pore structure, large specific surface area, high wear resistance, fast adsorption speed, large adsorption capacity, easy desorption, and can be recycled repeatedly.</span><br /><span style="color: #3a3a3a;">It can be used in home textile supplies, automotive supplies, crafts, decoration materials, bamboo based activated carbon pottery, bamboo based food and other aspects.</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.6;"><img src="https://oss.matchpages.cn/matchpages/common/2023/1208/8641/6572bf2c01cb9/Bamboo-Based-Activated-Carbon---1---1-.webp" alt="Bamboo-Based-Activated-Carbon " data-resolution="347*219" /></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.6;"><span style="color: #3a3a3a;">In addition, pls kindly check below three outstanding applications of bamboo activated carbon.</span></p>
<h2 style="line-height: 1.75;"><span style="color: #169179;"><strong>Bamboo </strong><strong>based </strong><strong>activated c</strong><strong>arbon </strong><strong>excellent for removing hangover substances</strong></span></h2>
<p style="line-height: 1.6;"><span style="color: #555555;">Korean professor Seung-guk Park and Dae-ok Kim of the Department of Food and Biotechnology at Kyung Hee University revealed that bamboo activated carbon has the best effect in removing volatile compounds through a paper titled 'Volatile compound adsorption characteristics of various types of activated carbon using alcohol model solutions' published in the August issue of the Journal of the Korean Society of Industrial and Food Engineering. .</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.6;"><span style="color: #3a3a3a;">Volatile compounds are substances produced by yeast during the alcohol fermentation process or generated during the manufacturing process of alcoholic beverages, and are known to cause hangovers and off-odors. Volatile compounds can be purified through the strong adsorption power of activated carbon, and the adsorption, deodorization, and stagnation abilities of activated carbon are widely used in everyday life, such as in the purification process of <a href="activated-carbon-for-chloramine-removal" data-page_id="19574" data-page_name="Activated Carbon for Chloramine Removal｜ACC" data-page_type="menuPage"><strong><span style="color: #2dc26b;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">water purification</span></span></strong></a> plants and <a href="activated-carbon-for-rng-and-biogas" data-page_id="19572" data-page_name="Activated Carbon for RNG/Biogas｜ACC" data-page_type="menuPage"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: #2dc26b; text-decoration: underline;">removal of air pollutants</span></span></strong></a>.</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.6;"><span style="color: #3a3a3a;">In their paper, Professors Seung-guk Park and Dae-ok Kim noted that although activated carbon is widely used in the purification of volatile compounds, there has been no systematic study on the removal effect according to the type of activated carbon. In this study, the removal efficiency of 10 types of activated carbon was compared. He said he had analyzed it.</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.6;"><span style="color: #3a3a3a;">This study was conducted by dissolving 6 representative volatile compounds that cause hangovers and off-odors in an alcohol solution, adding 10 types of activated carbon, and measuring the removal efficiency of each activated carbon.</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.6;"><span style="color: #3a3a3a;"><strong>According to the research results, bamboo activated carbon was found to have the highest removal efficiency among 10 types of activated carbon. Bamboo activated carbon contains 100% of ethyl octanoate, a sweet flavoring agent, and 46.7% of 2-phenyl ethanol, the main component of fusel oil, which causes off-flavors in alcoholic beverages. Hexanal, a chemical analog of acetaldehyde, was found to have a very high removal rate of 46.6%.</strong></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.6;"><span style="color: #3a3a3a;"><strong>Regarding this, Professors Park Seung-guk and Kim Dae-ok evaluated that bamboo activated carbon has a relatively well-developed pore volume and a large surface area (1,329 m2/g), so it has a higher adsorption efficiency than other activated carbons and is excellent at removing volatile compounds.</strong></span></p>
<h2 style="line-height: 1.75;"><span style="color: #169179;"><strong>Bamboo activated carbon has remarkable adsorption and desorption effects on the pesticide Simazine</strong></span></h2>
<p style="line-height: 1.6;"><span style="color: #3a3a3a;">The so-called residual pesticides refer to pesticides remaining on harvested crops, as well as pesticides remaining in dairy products and livestock meat after eating pesticides attached to livestock feed. Ingestion of pesticide residues can be hazardous to health, so pesticide registration requires strict safety review. Simazine (6-chloro-N2,N4-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) is widely used as a chlorotriazine herbicide, but it has poor solubility, slow decomposition, and relatively high toxicity. big. The reason is that it is a typical herbicidal pesticide used in fields rather than rice fields, and has problems as a residual pesticide in many cases, so finding ways to effectively remove Simazine is important for environmental governance.</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.6;"><span style="color: #555555;">Japanese scholar Yasuo Kojima of the Department of Agriculture at Niigata University and others studied the adsorption and desorption effects of bamboo activated carbon and ordinary bamboo charcoal on the pesticide Simazine. In previous studies, it can be found that since ordinary bamboo charcoal mainly uses physical adsorption (van der Waals force), there is a balance between the degree of pollution and the adsorption capacity of bamboo charcoal. </span></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.6;"><span style="color: #3a3a3a;">However, since bamboo charcoal has greater chemical adsorption (ionic bonds rather than chemical bonds), which is another adsorption factor of bamboo charcoal, even if the degree of contamination of the water changes to a lower level, the pollutants will not diffuse to the outside and remain adsorbed on bamboo charcoal. In summary, when considering the purpose of environmental purification, if the degree of pollution purification is low, then the adsorption power of bamboo charcoal is sufficient. However, when high levels of purification are targeted, desorption phenomena become an important factor.</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.6;"><span style="color: #3a3a3a;">Another experimental result shows that after steam activation, the specific surface area of bamboo charcoal is greatly increased, and the iodine value is as high as 1476.3 mg/g. The iodine value of unactivated bamboo charcoal is only 188.8 mg/g. Bamboo activated carbon can completely adsorb 0.5mg, 1.0mg, 3mg and 5mg of Simazine contained in water, and the adsorption speed is also higher than that of activated carbon on the market. The adsorption capacity of bamboo charcoal is far lower than the adsorption rate of bamboo activated carbon, only one-fifth of it.</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.6;"><span style="color: #3a3a3a;">In the following experiments, by observing the desorption rates of bamboo charcoal and bamboo activated carbon after adsorption was completed, no desorption of Simazine was observed on bamboo activated carbon even after 2 weeks of desorption treatment, while about 30% of the adsorption of bamboo charcoal was small. Particles desorb within a week, and nearly 50% desorb within two weeks. These results show that bamboo activated carbon prepared from bamboo charcoal has a greater Simazine adsorption effect and can maintain its effect stably for a long time without desorption.</span></p>
<h2 style="line-height: 1.75;"><span style="color: #169179;"><strong>Bamboo mesoporous activated carbon has outstanding adsorption, separation and storage effects on methane</strong></span></h2>
<p style="line-height: 1.6;"><span style="color: #3a3a3a;">Methane is an important industrial raw material gas and one of the greenhouse gases that contributes to global warming. And because the global oil supply is facing huge pressure, methane, as the main component of natural gas, has the characteristics of abundant reserves and clean combustion. Therefore, the separation and recovery of methane from gas mixtures such as CH4/CO2, CH4/N2、 CH/O2, and CH4 air have important industrial and environmental significance. The adsorption law is the basic method of <a href="activated-carbon-for-oil-and-gas" data-page_id="19560" data-page_name="Activated Carbon for Oil and Gas｜ACC" data-page_type="menuPage"><span style="text-decoration: underline; color: #2dc26b;"><strong>gas separation and purification</strong></span></a>.</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.6;"><span style="color: #3a3a3a;">At present, adsorbents with good selective adsorption properties for methane, such as mesoporous silica and carbon molecular sieves, have been developed, but their high cost limits their practical application and promotion. Activated carbon is widely used as an adsorbent because of its well-developed pores and low cost. The development of activated carbon with excellent adsorption performance and high selectivity for methane is of great practical significance. At present, the reserve of coconut shell activated carbon wet storage methane is as high as 19.84mmol/g, but the required pressure is 9.26MPa. Developing cheap new activated carbon and reducing storage pressure will help enhance the safety of methane storage and transportation and reduce storage and transportation costs.</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.6;"><span style="color: #3a3a3a;"><span style="color: #555555;">Wang Yuxin and others from the Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, used moso bamboo waste and used phosphoric acid activation method to prepare bamboo mesoporous activated carbon. They tested the adsorption and separation performance of dry bamboo based activated carbon and wet bamboo based activated carbon after pre-adsorbing water for gas mixtures such as CH4/CO2 and CH4/N2. and the storage performance of wet carbon for methane gas.</span> </span></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.6;"><span style="color: #3a3a3a;">It is known from the experimental results that within the experimental pressure range, the adsorption properties of dry bamboo based activated carbon for CH4, CO2 and N2 vary greatly, and the adsorption amounts of oxygen and nitrogen are basically the same. Dried bamboo-based carbon has a higher specific surface area and has a stronger adsorption capacity for methane than mesoporous silica molecular sieves. For example, at 2.0MPa, the adsorption capacity of methane on activated carbon is 4.1mmol/g, which is much higher than the adsorption capacity of methane on mesoporous silicon molecular sieves (approximately 1.6mmol/g) at the same temperature and pressure. The corresponding reserves on carbon molecular sieves are similar (about 4.0 mmol/g). In further experiments, dry bamboo based activated carbon also has good adsorption selectivity for methane gas, and the effect is better than expensive mesoporous silicon and carbon molecular sieves.</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.6;"><span style="color: #3a3a3a;">After dry bamboo based activated carbon becomes wet bamboo based activated carbon after experimental treatment, the methane reserves of pre-adsorbed water activated carbon increase sharply due to the formation of methane hydrate. Under the condition of water-to-char ratio of 2.43.275K and pressure of 3.49MPa, the wet bamboo based activated carbon methane reserve is 10.58mmol/g, which is 1.72 times the methane reserve of dry bamboo carbon under the same temperature and pressure conditions, and is much larger than other pre-adsorbed water Methane storage of activated carbon under the same temperature and pressure conditions.</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.6;"> </p>